Prevalence Study for Giardia Lamblia in Babylon City

Abstract

Background: Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite and a leading cause of giardiasis, one of the most prevalent intestinal parasitic infections worldwide. It is transmitted mainly via the fecal–oral route through contaminated water, food, or direct person-to-person contact. Infections present with a spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe malabsorption and chronic gastrointestinal disturbances. Children, particularly in developing countries, are the most vulnerable population. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection among both local and displaced children attending Babylon Hospital, with a particular focus on possible variations according to age and gender. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 stool samples were collected from children attending Babylon Hospital between September and December 2024. Each sample was examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of G. lamblia. Direct wet mount preparations using saline and iodine, in combination with Giemsa staining, were employed for the detection of cysts and trophozoites. Data were analyzed to determine prevalence rates according to age group, sex, and residency status (local vs displaced). Results: Microscopic examination successfully identified G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites in 80 out of 200 stool samples, corresponding to an overall prevalence of 40%. The highest rate of infection was recorded in December compared with earlier months of the study period. Age distribution analysis revealed that infection was most frequent among children aged 4–6 years (14.81%), followed by those aged 7–10 years (9.04%), while the lowest prevalence was observed in the 1–3 years age group (3.03%). Among displaced children, infection was more common in males (26.31%) than in females (18.54%). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection among children attending Babylon Hospital. Seasonal variation was observed, with infection rates peaking in the colder months, suggesting the influence of environmental and behavioral factors on transmission. Age-related differences indicated greater susceptibility in children aged 4–6 years, while displaced populations were disproportionately affected, particularly males. These findings underscore the importance of targeted prevention and control measures, especially among vulnerable groups.